Advantages of Monsanto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advantages of Monsanto - Essay Example The state of the art research and development department of the firm is also constantly looking for new creative input to ensure better yield of the crops. Its drought proof seeds are hugely beneficial for countries which are vulnerable to frequent drought like conditions. Hence, its contribution to agriculture through genetically modified seeds has enabled it to gain leverage against it rival in the industry. The farmers across the globe, especially in the under developed and developing nations like Africa and India, have been able to improve their standard of living through increased food production and revenues. In the current environment of increasing awareness regarding environment and sustainability of resources, Monsanto’s future is seriously threatened by the views and perspectives on genetically modified crops. Critics, including social activists, environmentalist, few farmers etc. believe that genetically modified seeds, despite increased yield, have grave long term consequences on the quality of soil, plants and biodiversity at large. The sustainability of natural resources is threatened through the constant use of genetically modified seeds. Moreover, as the seeds are anti-resistant to insects and help to kill weeds, this property could also have slow poisonous impact on the overall health and wellbeing of people who consume food products produced from such seeds. The growing concern of the community and social activists becomes more pertinent when seen from the wider perspective of increasing environment degradation that has adversely impacted the balance of ecosystem. It is believed that indiscriminate use of genetically modified seeds would not only spoil the quality of soil and fertility but it could also adversely impact the ground water and environment. The conservation and preservation of natural sources is vital ingredient of population dynamics because its survival is intrinsically linked to the available resources like clean air, wa ter, food, energy etc. (Dyson, 2005). The sustainability of the same therefore becomes critical element of survival. Answer 2 As CEO of Monsanto, I would engage group of social activists and community to create awareness as to how to exploit the properties of genetically modified seeds to grow crops that would address the needs of growing population. The exemplary properties of the GM seeds are major factors that can overcome the natural disasters like drought and famine and provide the vulnerable population with quality food. The myriad environmental elements like poverty, lack of resources, education, awareness etc. have created serious problems of food security. According to FAO (2009) more than 850 million across the globe are facing food insecurity with large population in nearly 39 Sub-Saharan being under nourished. It is seen that low agricultural yield and lack of government initiatives in land reforms are important constituents that force farmers to migrate. The GM seeds ca n significantly contribute to the global concern of food insecurity. Engaging social activists and farmers would be mutually beneficial as it would help create awareness regarding the use of GM seeds so that ecosystem is not disturbed. If the farmers follow rotation of crops in the field with GM and non-GM seeds, the fertility of soil can be maintained. At the same time, the concern of insects and weeds becoming hardier or developing resistance to the Roundup Ready Herbicide, a herbicide that kills weeds, can be easily averted. The rotation farming is therefore hugely important aspect of farming where GM seed are used that promotes sustainability of resources and helps conservation and preservation of environment. As a CEO, I would also like to give incentives to farmers in terms of rebate and discounts on the

A Culture That Supports Financial Acumen Part II Assignment

A Culture That Supports Financial Acumen Part II - Assignment Example by equipping all employees with basic skills in financial profitability, it is easier to expect that the actions of all these people will be focused on the achievement of the financial goals of the organization. Today, there is a new trend with cross-functional team work, which requires that all employees work together as a team. This however cannot be possible when financial acumen is not part of the skills of all employees (Brigham & Houston, 2013). I admire your post for a lot of things but more importantly is the fact that you stressed on the need to make financial acumen everybody’s business at the workplace. Indeed several organizations have failed to experience the full benefits of financial acumen because the whole concept has been made to center round only a few people. Because of lack of understanding for the concept, it is always difficult to get the support of others in implementing strategies that foster financial growth (Brigham & Houston, 2013). Based on personal experience, I realize that some other ways in which organizations can make financial acumen work from a collective perspective is by promoting cross-functional roles. Such roles will ensure that those in departments not directly related to finance will have a means of working with the financial experts. By so doing, the transfer of knowledge from those high on financial acumen can easily go down to those low on financial

King Abdulaziz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

King Abdulaziz - Essay Example This person was the founder of the present day Saudi Arabia, named as King Abdul Aziz Ibn Al Saud. King Abdul Aziz was born in the city of Riyadh, to the family of King Abdul Rehman. He was brought up under the strict and inflexible vision of his father. His father was so concerned about the teaching of Islam to his son a group of contemporary religious scholars came to teach him the fundamentals of Islam. With the passage of time, he started to show his great array of amazing talents and qualities, which included courage, horsemanship, leadership qualities and perceptiveness. He showed his interest in the situation and atmosphere around him, and also the historical events of great significance. When King Abdul Aziz was barely 12 years old, he traveled to the country of Kuwait along with his father in the year 1891. He spent a long duration of 10 years, and it was there where he acquired great abilities such as that of leadership and statesmanship. So, as a result of the qualities an d understanding that he had gathered from his elders and teachers, he resolved to restore the rule of his forefathers, no matter what problems come in the way. A start of new era could be witnessed as King Abdul Aziz left Kuwait and went to his hometown Riyadh, leading an army of 60 soldiers. In the future, this small force of army consequently turned out to be the one that overpowered the big force by the will of Allah. King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman in true words wrote the history and fate of the Saudia Arabia. He used to the powers that no one could think of, as the powers that King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman used were not worldly materials. These powers included the unifying and awakening of the religious faith among his fellow Muslims, deft, comprehensive politics, and the best of all a courageous and inspiring character for everyone to look at, at the time of sorrow and despair. King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman brought back and restored the rule of his forefathers from a situation that was virtually considered to be completely destroyed and a situation of political extinction in the country. He did this be re-introducing the real image of Islam and inspiring the people by the teachings of the Great Religion. He started to build to Saudi state and he did that in three major stages. These stages include the recapturing of Najd in 1905, invading over the Shammar clan at Hail in the year 1921, and finally the conquering of Hijaz fours year later in 1924. During the era of birth of King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman, the area of Central Arabia had been victimized to the issues of complete political disaster and disintegration, and the King Al Saud was forced to fight for his rule with the governers of the land of Havil, known as the al-Rashids. That fight and long lasting conflicts between the two ruling groups led King Al-Saud to evacuate and move his family from the city of Riyadh in the year 1891. The capture of the city of Najd by the Rashids was of quite pain and grief for King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman along with his parents equally. Najd had great significance in the history of Saudi state as it had been the capital of the earlier as well as the second Saudi state. And thus its capture by the al-Rashids was really a matter of concern for King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman and his father and this inspired him work for the restatement of his patrimony, and to recover the rule of

Nat Turner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nat Turner - Essay Example He was the property' of Benjamin Turner, a plantation owner. Nat Turner's mother and grandmother had been brought to America from Africa and hated the concept of slavery from the bottom of their hearts. Nat grew up deeply religious and intensely sharing his mother's views of slavery. He gradually believed that He was God's prophet chosen to lead his people out of slavery. An annual solar eclipse convinced Turner that God had signaled from the Heavens above to start a revolution and with seven other of his associates or friends who were also slaves launched a rebellion. The rebellion began with the house of Nat's new master Joseph Travis. Almost 50 white people were killed. Contrary to what Nat had planned the rebellion was crushed within 48 hours and he himself was captured several days later. Naturally this insurrection had incited public fury and led to a thousand idle exaggerated and mischevious reports' (Thomas R. Gray). It heralded the beginning of a series of upsurges of open rebellion of the slaves which eventually led to the Great Civil War. Everything was shrouded in mystery till the confession' of Nat Turner was brought to light. Thomas R. Gray met Nat Turner in prison and recorded his account of the slave rebellion .Nat Turner was regarded as the Great Bandit'. Thomas Gray claims he found Nat willing to make a full and free confession of the origin, progress and consummation of the insurrectory movements of the slaves of which he was the contriver and head'. (Thomas Gray) The Confessions of Nat Turner like all other confessions cannot be held to be a document of Absolute Truth. It is definitely a revelation of several facts most of which can be corroborated further but every convict even during the last confession of his life will be in fear of his captor even if faced with the gallows. Moreover, what he said has been written down by Thomas Gray in the prison cell. Just as what Turner said may have been directed by emotion so also what was finally written may have been tainted by the writer of this confession to satiate the greatly excited public mind'. The mind is fraught with the very pertinent question did Turner voluntarily make these confessions The Confession remains a subject of intellectual debate , "both praised as a brave look into a rarely represented life, and maligned for what many saw as a clichd conception of a black man.". (NAT TURNER: A Troublesome Property, Styron 1967) Nat Turner's rebellion marked a year that also saw the rise of the abolitionist movement, growing tensions over states' rights and the arrival of the steam locomotive.1831 proved to be a watershed year in American history (Louis P. Masur, author of 1831: Year of Eclipse). The hysterical climate that followed Turner's revolt, blacks from as far away as North Carolina were accused of being part of the insurrection and even executed. Harriet Ann Jacobs, who later escaped to freedom, describes this climate of fear and harassment in her memoirs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself. Nat 's confessions regarding his visions were probably correct and seem to be the words of a prophet who is convinced about his convictions. He sincerely believed that the Holy Spirit which spoke to prophets of earlier times actually spoke to him. He claims unabashedly that the Spirit told him "Seed ye the

Standing Long Jump Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Standing Long Jump - Essay Example The most important technique variable is the selection of takeoff angle. A japanese athlete studied the effects of changes in takeoff angle on performance in the standing long jump. The aim was to identify the "optimum take off angle" and to explain the underlying biomechanics of the standing long jump. When indoor arenas were built, the standing long jump began to disappear as an event. Today, the only country where the standing long jump is a national championship event is Norway. The Norwegian Championships in Standing Jumps (long jumps and high jumps) has been held in Stage every winter since 1995. The performance of standing long jump was often used or adopted to examine the fitness of school children, but the tests had frequently underestimated the subject's true potential when the subject did not use the best possible technique. The most important methods that promote the jumping performance is the selection of optimum take off angle and technical use of the arms. In previous researches, many researchers used the force plates to study the long jump and suggested the technique of long jumps. They later concluded that increasing the take off velocity of the jumper's supporting leg would increase the jumping distance. Numerical models were used by other researchers and found there were no significant inclination angles in the magnitude of the peak ground reaction force. Previous standing long jump study, compared body configuration and joint moment analysis in children and adult males. They suggested that skilled 6 year old children have not developed either hip negative work during preparatory movement or body configuration in the flight phase. The difference in body configuration showed the jumping performance and cross-sectional of the skeletal muscle correlate positively. They also verified that standing long jump performance improved when arm movement was employed. In recent studies, researchers investigated the explosive movements concerned mainly with vertical jump. Although jumping for distance received a lot of attention, most of these works were centered on long or triple jump in athletics. There were no attempts to relate the coordination of hands swing and starting knee angles in standing jumping distance. The difference in initial knee angle in the study has not been investigated in other studies. The performance of standing long jump and its relationship to the body configurations as well as the possible other reasons for the difference are still not so clear. Furthermore, there are no information about trajectory of body center of mass in the standing long jump, but other basic motor skills like walking, running , kicking, and vertical jump had been investigated by using the center of mass analysis. The study efforts were directed towards the investigation of the effects on the arm movement and initial knee joint angle employed in st anding long jump by the ground reaction force analysis, three dimensional motion analysis, and analyzing changes in the force-time characteristics, magnitude of peak ground reaction forces, impulses generated in preparing phase and mass center's pathway characteristic during standing long jump and investigating how the jump performance is related to the body confi

Aboriginal Cooking Methods Essay Example for Free

Aboriginal Cooking Methods Essay The traditional ways to cook for aboriginals used to involve roasting their food on hot coals, baking in the ashes steaming in ground ovens. But today theses things have changed the aboriginals have easier ways to cook using technology from today. They have adapted to make the process easier by boiling barbequing. Roasting; When cooking meat, this was the basic technique, which was almost always used. They cooked most meat, fish small turtles. To make sure the meat was cooked through, it was also covered by ashes coals, which also made tough meat softer. The meat would be eaten quickly after roasting. Shellfish were also cooked on the coals on the outside of the fire, this way when they started to froth, they could be removed quickly. Baking Bread damper was cooked in the ashes. When aboriginals made fires, they made sure they used the right kind of firewood, so that after the fire was out, the ashes could be used for cooking their bread. They were very careful as to which wood they used because some woods made to bread taste bad some caused irritation discomfort. Over time, it was the wattle seed that was found to be the most successful for cooking. It gave no bad taste, gave no one irritations produced a fine ash. Witchetty grubs only needed to be quickly rolled over the ashes to be cooked. Then damper was put beneath the ashes then covered. To cook yam, or vegetables, they would dig a small hole, place the vegetable in it, and then cover it with ash. Steaming; In the Wiradjuri areas, steam ovens still exist. The ovens were made by digging a hole in the ground, they were about 90cm long, 60cm deep. The clay left over from digging was then made into smooth lumps then would be placed on top, once the hole was filled with selected firewood. While the wood burned, the clay became hot. The clay would then be removed with tongs. The pit would be swept out then lined with still green leaves grass. Then meat such as possums (because they were small enough) would be lain inside, covered with more leaves then the clay would be placed on top. To stop the steam escaping, the ground that was originally taken out when the hole was dug covers the clay. Wrapping; Wrapping is still used in places like Arnhem Land. Vegetables are wrapped in the moist paper bark from Melaleuca trees then placed in ground ovens. Today Aboriginals use more advanced methods of cooking. They have adapted their old ways to make them easier. Boiling; Aboriginals have now learned to boil foods in galvanized cans, tins, steel drums or whatever items are available. Because of this, ground ovens are being used less less. Barbequing; Although the Aboriginals dont have top of the range barbeques, they have got their own version. It is simply a piece of wire to hole pieces of meat or dough over red coals. Aboriginal Dreaming Although the Dreamtime was in the past, it is the Aborigines religion culture that rules them today. The saying, As it was done in the Dreamtime, so it must be done today, dominates all aspects of the Aboriginals lifestyle actions. According to some Aboriginals, the Rainbow Serpent made the world. It is their belief that that is true. Religion is some peoples way, spiritualism is theirs. The Rainbow Serpent came from the Northern Territory while Australia was still in its dreaming stage. It traveled over the country, creating the mountainous locations by pushing the land into many ranges isolated areas. The Great Dividing Range is a creation of the rainbow serpents movements. Throughout its journey over under the land, it created rivers, valleys, lakes. It was also careful to leave many areas flat. Once it was satisfied with its creation of Australia, spirit people came from inside it moved all over the country to form many different lifestyles, languages different stories. When the land was finally finished, it was ready for people, but there were none .Walya-Nam-Adiki was the woman who walked out of the sea met up with a tribal man. Seen as there were no people, they talked about the problem with having such a wonderful land, but no people to live there. To fix this problem, they had many spirit children together. Walya-Nam-Adiki told all her children to go to all different places across the country to speak new languages, make keep land water management. They were to stay in their chosen areas, to make social kinship systems which would make sure that there would always be people within their tribal boundaries. Other Aboriginals believe that when the world first existed, that giant semi-mortal beings that resembled plants animals rose up from the flat land where they had been sleeping for countless ages. These beings wandered the land aimlessly. As they roamed around, they  performed the tasks that Aboriginals do today. These included camping, making fires, digging for water, fighting each other performing ceremonies. When they became tired of carrying out these rituals, the dreamtime ended. Wherever the creators had been, a natural landform now marks the place. The creators made everything which Aboriginals are in contact with everyday from which they gain their living. Apart from forming the land, they also created the laws that govern the aspects of everyday life, which some Aborigines still live by. Aboriginals in Jail Custody The idea of over-representation of Aboriginal adults in prison is set down early for the younger generation to understand. In Juvenile Detention centers, aboriginals aged 10-17 were 24.2* times more likely to be in custody than non-aboriginal children. For aboriginals aged 18-21 the over-representation rate was 9.6* Indigenous rates of imprisonment in adult prisons varied between about 4* times the non-indigenous rate in Tasmania up to over 20* times in Western South Australia. At almost any time, up to 80% of inmates in Northern Territory Correctional Facilities are of aboriginal descent. Whatever the intent, mandatory sentencing has more effect on aboriginals than any other ethnic group in the NT. Also Police custody rates for Aboriginal Torres Strait Islanders was 26.2* times more likely than people of other races. Aboriginals are 25% of people that are arrested 15% of people who are in jails are also Aboriginal. From data collected, aboriginals are over-represented in offences involving violence, breaking entering, breaches of justice procedures driving offences. Aboriginal people are 12 times more likely than others to be in prison for  homicide and 16 times for breaking and entering. One principle factor is that of the low status of the indigenous side of Australia in socio-economy culture. In 1988, Commissioner Muirhead stated that humanity and our countrys reputation demand a vigorous approach and new initiatives. Years later, Aboriginals still continue to die in police cells prisons. On 10th February, 2000 a 15 yr old boy committed suicide in the Don Dale Correctional Facility in Darwin. He had a mandatory 28jail sentence for petty theft of pens, pencils paint. He was due for his release 4 days after his death. The Northern Territory Chief Minister simply swept aside the death gave a statement There will always be deaths in custody. The death of the boy the Country Liberal Party refused to even consider the re-appeal of the mandatory sentencing laws sent a break of outrage through many leading Australian, International Aboriginal groups. Two weeks previous to the death, a Federal Senate traveled to Darwin, to make a report on the laws. None of the Country Liberal Partys officials was prepared to give evidence at the hearing. The United Nations blasted Australia over these laws, the treatment of the indigenous people to this land. Also saying that Canberra could be in breach of the UN Convention to Eliminate Racial Discrimination. *Based on records in 1998

The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay

The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay A pump is a mechanical device which helps to move fluids including liquids or gases. It is basically a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy to the hydraulic energy. The hydraulic energy is been present in form of the pressure energy. There are various types of pumps such as positive displacement pumps, velocity pumps, Buoyancy pumps, Impulse pumps. The various different pumps are also been sub-classified in various other pumps. Positive Displacement pumps are one of the most commonly used pumps. They are sub-divided in to Reciprocating and Rotary pumps. Typical types of the Reciprocating pumps are Plunger pumps and Diaphragm Pumps. The Plunger pump is also known as Piston Pumps. The Reciprocating Pumps are highly efficient pumps which are even suitable for the very high heads at low flows. It is a self priming type of pump as it can draw the fluid from the level below the suction flange if the suction pipe is not evacuated. There should be a smooth flow required for achieving a good efficiency (Chinnuraj, 2009). The complete system is based on the design of the pump. The head of cylinder is been mounted with suction and discharge valves. The fluid enters the pump through the suction valve and goes out threw the discharge valve. In suction stroke, suction valve opens when the plunger retracts. The liquid gets pushes out of the discharge valve in the forward stroke. Reciprocating system has a pulsating discharge and it totally depend on the speed of the pump which can be easily altered. The intake of the fluid in the pump is always at a constant volume. They are often used for slurry and sludge. There are various different designs from rest of the pumps. The design containing single-acting motion discharges fluid from only one side of the piston. There is only one suction and discharge per revolution of the crank shaft. The other design is the double-acting piston design where the suction and the discharge occurs on the either side of the piston resulting in double suction and double discharge per revolution of crack shaft. Classification of PD Pump Positive Displacement pump are been classified as follows: Positive Displacement Pump Rotary Pump Single Rotor -Vane -Piston -Flexible -Member Screw -Simplex -Duplex -Triplex -Multiplex -Simplex -Duplex Double Acting Single Acting Diaphragm Piston Plunger Reciprocating Pump Simplex Multiplex Multi Rotor -Gear Lobe Circumferential Piston -Screw (Gates, 2010) Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump The working principle of the Reciprocating pump is very simple; it operates on the principle that a volume of liquid would be displaced by solid equal to its own volume. The mechanical energy is been converted in to the pressure energy and takes place due to the suction of the liquid into the cylinder in which the piston is having a reciprocating motion (linear motion-threw and fore). This exerts the thrust on the fluid and hydraulic energy gets increased gradually. In single acting reciprocating pumps, a single piston moves forward and backward in a closed tight cylinder. The linear motion of the piston in the cylinder is been given by connecting piston to the crank with the help of a connecting rod. An electric motor is been used to give motion to the crank and the rotary motion is been converted to the linear motion by the help of the connecting rod. The working principle is somewhat similar to the car engines where the piston has the same movement threw some similar kind of motio ns. In Reciprocating Pump, the suction valve allows the fluid to enter where as the discharge valve tends to discharge it from the cylinder (Chinnuraj, 2009). http://www.lcresources.com/resources/getstart/pump.gif Fig 01: Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump (Getting Started in HPLC, 2001) Types of Reciprocating Pumps The Reciprocating Pumps are usually classified as follows: Direct or Indirect acting Simplex (single) or duplex (double) Single   acting   or   double   acting High pressure or low pressure The direct acting pumps are one of the most common type of pump been used. It is been known so as in the particular design the pump rod is a direct extension of the piston rod in which the lower end is been directly connected to the piston in the cylinder. Single and Double action pumps is as mentioned earlier. Single action has a single suction and a single discharge per revolution and Double action pump has two suctions and discharges per revolution. Applications Reciprocating Pumps have a very large contribution to the society with plenty of uses. They are been used for no. of small and large applications including irrigation, chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control and marine applications and even many more. Designing factors like size and type of pump depends on the usage. They are been used in various purposes such as: High pressure jets: The purpose of pumps used is producing a direct high jet pressure of the fluid. The inlet flow is at a constant flow and pressure but the discharge at a high velocity and therefore results to high amount of pressure. Chemical Injection: The Reciprocating Pumps are even used in the chemical industry where they need to inject the chemical in a certain flow or pressure. It is been used at very high precise and accuracy Irrigation: The pump is usually used in farms and gardens to distribute water throughout equally and automatically without any sort of manual efforts. Sewage movement: The pump are been used to move the slurry or sewage material in a very easy and automatic way. The main advantage is the time constraint. It takes very less time as well as it is very cheap compared to other techniques. Marine application: The vast amount of usage is being the marine sector where they need to use water movement from one part to other through a pump. The pump is very easy and compact source of product which can be installed very easily and without any maintenance in future. In marine field pump is used for: Lubricating oil transfer Fuel oil transfer Auxiliary circulating and condensate. Domestic uses: Reciprocating pump is even used as domestic purposes. In olden days it was very common to use a hand pump which was a type of reciprocating pump with help of which we can pull the underground water for various purposes such as home usage, irrigation, construction, small scale industry and many more. Discharge and Pressure Characteristics The working principle and the characteristic is been keenly observed earlier. It is been very easy to analyse the discharge and pressure constraints of reciprocating pumps. The discharge of the reciprocating pump is not uniform and stable. The discharge characteristic depends on: Head flow of fluid Fluid density Speed of reciprocating piston Pump size and design The discharge is completely non-uniform and throttling. The pulsating property of the discharge fluid is seen. This is because the piston moves at a high velocity hitting the fluid out wards and the hitting of the piston is not a continuous act which can give a uniform pressure outlet. Despite of vital use, the reciprocating pump still encounter pulsating pressure which is been seen at the suction and discharge lines. This pulsating feature is result of the interaction between unstable flow of fluid and the dynamic characteristics of the fluid particles. Pressure pulsating in the suction line can lead to the cavitation, either in the line itself or in the cylinder chamber. If cavitation is been experienced at the start of the piston stroke than the piston loading and the crank assembly can fail. Because of all this factors it reduces the life of the pump and also affects the safety conditions (K A Edge, 1997) Pump Performance and Efficiency The head of flow against which the pump works is called total head, H. The total head of the pump is the energy imparted to the liquid by the pump. H = hd hg Therefore, the effective head of a pump is expressed by the following equation: H = Equation 1 (Sorensen, 1969) This design principle of the pump work similarly as that of the turbines. The energy of supplied to the pump by the rotating shaft to move the piston inside the cylinder, in terms of bhp: Energy, e = = The capacity of the pump is proportional to its displacement per unit time, D. Assuming 100% of the hydraulic efficiency of the pump, the displacement of the pump is calculated. The displacement is the calculated capacity of pump which is proportional to: Cross-sectional area of piston, A Length of the stroke, S No. of cylinders, n Pump speed in rpm (gallons per minute) D = (A ÃÆ'- S ÃÆ'- n ÃÆ'- rpm) / 231 In case of double acting pumps, the cross sectional area is twice to be taken in to account from which the cross sectional area of piston rod (a) is subtracted. In double acting pumps, D = ((2A a) ÃÆ'- S ÃÆ'- n ÃÆ'- rpm) / 231 The volumetric efficiency of the pump is expresses in terms of percentage. It is directly proportional to the ratio of the total discharge volume to piston displacement. The ratio (r) is equal to (c + d)/d where: D = volume displaced by piston C = Additional volume between the discharge and suction valves. So it is clearly seen that smaller the ratio, the volumetric efficiency is tend to be better. Mathematically it is expressed as: VE = 1 (P ÃÆ'- b ÃÆ'- r ) S Where P is pressure B is the liquid compressibility factor R is volume ratio S is the slip. (Joe Evans, 2004) Losses in Reciprocating Pump There are various losses which are been encountered in the pump such as: Frictional losses Head losses Heat transfer losses The various losses occur due to the friction and the movement of the fluid. It depends on the head flow of fluid, density of the fluid, piston speed and the fluid suction capacity as well as discharge. There are lots of constraints been involved here, but it simply can be minimised but not 100% avoided. Advantages Easy in working Inexpensive Compact and Easy to install Low maintenance Works at high speed and at low power Disadvantages The major disadvantage of the reciprocating pump is that it has a discontinuous discharge flow which with variable pressure and hence it adversely affects the potential of the pump usage. There are various techniques been used to minimise the pulsating feature but it still tend to create problems. There are some technical ways used to minimise it by using sensors or throttle valves which keeps the discharge pressure uniform, but it does affect the overall flow and creates a kind of friction to the overall discharge pressure. Secondly, it has a disadvantage that it is prone to flow separation at the lowest pressure point in the system. The design of the system is such that this problem would be there and cannot be solved. The various different tries and practical experiments to minimise it would not work till the design is not thoroughly changed. In spite of all this disadvantages it is still a very useful product and widely used.