Preparation and Properties of soap

Materials and Apparatus Olive fossil vegetable rock oil, 95% ethanol, beaker, 50% atomic number 11 hydroxide solution, Boucher alter, hot plate, saltiness solution, magnetic stirrer, slabber funnel, glass rod, filter paper, weighing balance, bring in glass and measuring cylinder. From the diagram above, we can clearly see that the ionic (highly polar and charges) natures of salts makes them soluble in water. However, the non- polar hydrocarbon (aliphatic) ass of the slash molecules would cause them to be miscible with non-polar substances and enable them to dissolve in water.Normally, solid soaps are lie down of sodium salts of full-bodied acids and liquid soaps consist of potassium salts of fatty acids. Soap can be alert by a process known as specification. Historically, soaps were made by turn the fat of animal, lye and in a aqueous Noah and KOCH solution containing potash. Of course, this was d mavin yen time ago before anyone had any idea of understanding the ch emic transformations. Now, we know that this process is a reaction of esters with a strong infantry such(prenominal) as KOCH or Noah.The esters, triglycerides are the main constituents of veggie oil and animal fats. The triglyceride is a trim-ester come along with 3 long fatty acid hydrocarbon chain. When triglyceride reacts with 3 equivalents strong aqueous base solution such as Noah or KOCH, the three ester bonds are hydroxide to yield 3 fatty acid salts (soap molecules) and one glycerol. The specification can also be called base hydrolysis. Industrially, soap is made by reaction of Noah together with vegetable fat. It is crucial to utilize enough Noah to make sure a effect specification Of triglycerides.If there is insufficient base, time and heat provided, then the final result would be incomplete specification and the soap product can be very brittle. If the specification is complete, Nasal is added to precipitate the soap. The aqueous portion is decanted off. The be subs tance would be crude soap which contains some impurities such as Nasal, Noah or glycerol. In the lab, we do non have enough time to purify the crude soap. This purification would consist of re-dissolving the soap in boil water and then cooling and precipitating again by adding Nasal.The soap in the experiment would be made out from olive oil, the chemical structure of olive oil (C52H9606) would be like this Procedure 1 . About ml Olive Oil was added to a mall_ beaker and dissolved it in ml of 95% ethanol. Excessive oil was not used to obviate spare ethanol to dissolve it. 2. When the olive oil was completely dissolved, the beaker was deposit on the hot plate and the temperature was maintained to about ICC. The flask was swirled to variety the solution. Next, ml of 50% Noah solution was poured down the glass-stirring rod intro the oil solution.A small amount of the Noah solution was trickled down the rod very belatedly and then stopped to stir. Then, a little much Noah was trickled in. The Noah solution was not poured into the oil in addition quickly. This was due to the reason that pouring the Noah solution too quickly Will cause the oil to separate from the Noah solution, and the final product would be failure. The mixture was stirred until it thickened. We wanted to avoid getting a mixture with 2 distinct layers Noah solution on the bottom and oil on the top.When 2 distinct layers are forming, it was stirred vigorously exploitation magnetic stirrer until the liquids are well stirred. 3. A small watch glass was placed over the mouth of the flask to minimize vapour of the alcohol. 4. The oil-alcoholic-Noah solution was allowed to boil for at least 30 minutes. The undisclosed fat in the flask and solved by adding a little more ethanol and stirred. The temperature was kept just hot enough to have controlled boiling of the fat solution. 5. While the specification proceeded, a salt solution was prepared by completely dissolving go Nasal in 1 00 ml dis tilled water in a mall beaker. after(prenominal) he salt was completely dissolved, about half of this salt solution was transferred to another beaker and two beakers of salt solution was placed on ice to cool them. 6. After 30 minutes, the fat solution was streamleted to see if specification was perfect by placing a few drops of the solution in a test tube of distilled eater. When the fat droplets floated to the top, the specification was not completed and allowed it to boil for an additional 10 minutes. 7. When the specification was completed, the hot reaction mixture was poured carefully into one beaker of salt solution and stirred for a minute or two.