Union Carbide behind Gauley Bridge

Union Carbide behind Gauley twainThe Gauley Bridge, western Virginia, was Americas greatest industrial catastrophe and has been hidden from most of the American public today.1 In retrospect, it is astounding that the story of the digging of the dig near Gauley Bridge did not neglect until 1935. 2Although much contr oversy was to surround the calculation of the projects human cost, a U.S. domain Health Service official testifying in the beginning a Congressional delegacy in 1961 put it at 476 dead and 1,500 disabled. Yet it took louver old age from the time construction began for nationwide attention to focus on the tragedy, and the skilful facts did not emerge until a year later in the var. of a Congressional hearing.The deadly lung disease silicosis is caused when miners, sandblasters, and foundry and turn over workers inhale fine particles of silicon dioxide dust-a mineral found in sand, quartz, and granite. In 1935, around 1,500 workers-largely African Americans wh o had come north to find work-were killed by exposure to silica dust while building a turn over in Gauley Bridge, due west Virginia. Ordinarily, silicosis takes a several years to develop, save these West Virginia tunnel workers were travel ill in a matter of months because of exposure to unusually senior high school concentrations of silica dust. The crisis over silicosis suddenly became a national issue, as seen in this article in the radical newspaper Peoples Press. aIn 1936 congressional hearings on the Gauley Bridge disaster, it was revealed that confederation officials and manoeuvers wore masks to protect themselves when they visited the tunnel, but they failed to provide masks for the tunnels themselves, even when the workers requested them.I can see that all of this was because a rich and powerful sess valued dollars above lives. When the Rinehart Dennis, Co., contractors for the New-Kanawha originator Co., started tunneling through two mountains a cubic centimetre east of Gauley Bridge, on a power project to cost cardinals, they had whap the tunnel would go through silicate rock.They knew that men working in the tunnel would breathe in the dust.They knew that with divulge protection they would get silicosis, deadly lung disease. laughingstock Rinehart Dennis was the New-Kanawha Power Co., knack to build the tunnel, dissolved as soon as the tunnel was effd late in 1934.3Union Carbide Behind the New-Kanawha Power Co. is the Electro coatlurgical Co. This is the big company that will use and sell the New Kanawha power.Behind the Electro Metallurgical Co. is the Union Carbide Chemical Co., gigantic company spreading into some(prenominal) plains.Power to be won from the mountains and the rivers of West Virginia was behind the building of the tunnel at Hawks Nest, near Gauley Bridge. Dams, powerhouses, and a tunnel through the mountains to increase the be sick in the New River and the force of the waterpower-a huge project, with huge prof its to be do, from the power and the enormous silicate deposits.A huge project was started in 1926, not yet completed, though the death tunnel is done.Millions deplete been spent-$20,000,000 already.Engineers of the company had made tests. The mountains were full of silicate rock. Silicate-valuable, deadly if breathed into the lungs in large amounts.No complete protection against silicate was k at presentn, when very fine, as in this case, but there were masks that helped. dissemination shafts would carry some of the dust away.Also, on the night of declination 2, 1984, an incident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released at least 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate, as swell up as a number of other poisonous gases. transitory huts or shantytowns that surrounded the pesticide plant lead to more than 600,000 people existence exposed to the deadly gas cloud that night. The gases stayed low to the ground, causing victims throats and eye ball to burn, inducing nausea, and many deaths. Estimates of the death toll vary from as a few(prenominal) as 3,800 to as many as 16,000, but government figures now refer to an estimate of 15,000 killed over the years. Toxic material remains, and 30 years later, many of those who were exposed to the gas have given birth to physically and mentally disabled children. For decades, survivors have been fighting to have the site cleaned up, but they consecrate the efforts were slowed when Michigan-based Dow Chemical took over Union Carbide in 2001. Human rights groups say that thousands of tons of hazardous waste remain buried underground, and the government has conceded the empyrean is contaminated. There has, however, been no ample-term epidemiological research, which conclusively proves that birth defects are directly related to the drinking of the contaminated water.4Similar (The Space hoot Challenger catastrophe)Main CauseThe environmental and human decision do factors that w ere associated with the launching of the Space Shuttle Challenger on Jan. 28,1986, the Challenge set off shortly after liftoff, destroying the vehicle and all of its seven crew members, then the cause of the problem as noted by Roger Boisjoly, chief engineer at Morton Thiokol was that due to the much cooler temperatures he found that two the primary and secondary-ring seals on the field joint had been blackened due to dread(a) hot gas blowby. As he had recorded earlier in his studies that provided a direct correlation between low temperatures, and the concern that the O-rings on the shuttles solid come up boosters would stiffen in the cold losing their ability to mould well as a suitably seal.The shuttle solid rocket boosters (or SRBs), are key elements in the operation of the shuttle. Without the boosters, the shuttle cannot produce generous gormandise to overcome the earths gravitational pull and achieve orbit. There is an SRB machine-accessible to each side of the extern al r breaker tank. for each one booster is 149 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. Before ignition, each booster weighs 2 million pounds. Solid rockets in general produce much more thrust per pound than their liquid fuel counterparts. The drawback is that once the solid rocket fuel has been ignited, it cannot be turned off or even controlled. So it was passing important that the shuttle SRBs were properly designed. Morton Thiokol was awarded the contract to design and build the SRBs in 1974. Thiokols design is a outstripd-up version of a giant star missile, which had been used successfully for years. NASA accepted the design in 1976. The booster is comprised of seven hollow metal cylinders. The solid rocket fuel is cast into the cylinders at the Thiokol plant in Utah, and the cylinders are assembled into pairs for transport to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. At KSC, the quaternion booster segments are assembled into a completed booster rocket. The joints where the segments are linked together at KSC are know as field joints (See recruit 1). These field joints consist of a tang and clevis joint., which 177 clevis pins hold the tang and clevis together. Each joint is sealed by two O-rings, the bottom ring known as the primary O-ring, and the pinnacle known as the secondary O-ring. (The heavyweight booster had only one O-ring. The second ring was added as a measure of redundancy since the boosters would be lifting humans into orbit. Except for the increased scale of the rockets diameter, this was the only major difference between the shuttle booster and the Titan booster.) The purpose of the O-rings is to prevent hot combustion gasses from escaping from the inside of the motor. To provide a barrier between the rubber O-rings and the combustion gasses, a heat broad putty is applied to the inner section of the joint prior to assembly. The crevice between the tang and the clevis determines the amount of compression on the O-ring. To minimize the spreadh ead and increase the squeeze on the O-ring, shims are inserted between the tang and the extracurricular leg of the clevis. bIn my opinion NASA should have delayed the launch, simply to search the research that maybe Roger Boisjoly of Morton Thiokol s theory held merit and was based of a scientific observation form such an expert in the field of Rocket Science.Placing myself in that position, protocol would warrant a whistle-blower stipulation as lives and multi-million dollars was a stake, not withholding the reputation of NASA and the Space plan overall. Without knowing the contractual obligation he had as an employee of a company that done work for NASA and the political hoops and legal ramifications that would follow, so out of the choices provided Resigning the position in protest is the only clear option, expect the end result would probably not change. Yet in my opinion Roger Boisjoly of Morton Thiokol did on the dot what practically could have been done within reason con sidering the circumstances.Similar ( water Disaster in moose River, West Virginia)Main CauseIn Elk River, West Virginia on January 9, 2014 a chemic spill various parties initiated legion(predicate) legal reachs at both the state and federal levels. Community advocates have been at the forefront of state legislation to register never before documented chemical storage tanks. Approximately 50,000 tanks were identified for regulation, many of which were hardened along West Virginias water supply. The spills fallout and West Virginias lead to cause a chemical storage tank regulatory program set a precedent for several other states to enact their own chemical tank legislation and bills were proposed in halls of Congress and the U.S. Senate. cDespite immense public support, these West Virginia regulatory bills were already being dismantled by the next legislative session.In addition to legislation intended to prevent similar crises, numerous criminal charges were filed against partie s responsible for the spill. The U.S. Attorney for southern West Virginia obtained 15 indictments for up to 93 years in prison against Freedom Industries former president Gary Southern for charges including wire fraud. Although in an FBI-conducted investigation Gary Southern claimed no intimacy with Freedom Industries, he ultimately pled guilty for violating the federal Clean Water Act, the dare Act, and negligent for failing to have a pollution ginmill plan, and faces up to three years in prison and $300,000 in fines. Among five other Freedom Industries executives who pleaded guilty on charges related to the spill, Dennis Farrell, pleaded guilty to violating the Refuse Act and failing to have a pollution prevention plan, for which he faces sentencing of 30 days to two years in prison and up to $200,000 in fines.Numerous civil suits have been filed in the aftermath of the crisis, including over 50 against West Virginia American Water in just the freshman nine months following t he spill. Several personal injury suits as well as a class action lawsuit against Freedom Industries, its top executives, Eastman Chemical Company, West Virginia American Water, American Water, its parent company. In December 2015, Freedom Industries Farrell and Southern settled one such class action for $50,000 and $350,000 respectively1 http//cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm2 https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUL6nnJO-6Q3 http//cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm4 https//www.britannica.com/event/Bhopal-disastera http//depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/b http//ethics.tamu.edu/Portals/3/Case%20Studies/Shuttle.pdfc https//wvwatercrisis.com/